INFLUENCE OF HOMEGROWN SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMME ON DIETARY DIVERSITY AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN 6-13 YEARS OF AGE IN MAKUENI COUNTY, KENYA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ejhs.678Keywords:
Home Grown School Feeding Programme (HGSFP), School children, Dietary diversity.Abstract
Purpose: The main objective of this study was to establish the difference in the dietary diversity for school children enrolled in and those not enrolled in the home grown school feeding programme (HGSFP), in Makueni County, Kenya.
Methodology: A school based cross-sectional study design was used, Makindu sub-County in Makueni County was purposively sampled, and stratified into school with HGSFP and schools without HGSFP. Using G Power 3.1.2, Sample size calculator, 288 school children were sampled, 144 children randomly selected from three schools offering HGSFP and 144 children randomly selected from three schools without HGSFP, translating to 48 school children per school. Further the study sampled six (6) children per class from class one to standard eight using respective daily class attendance registers where the first respondents in each class were selected at random and the subsequent ones systematically. Researcher administered questionnaire was used to collect data from child/caregiver pair. The information collected was analyzed and the results were presented in tables and percentages.
Findings: A significant difference was observed in children religion, as more children not in HGSFP were protestants compared to Catholics (p= 0.004). Mothers’ education level, mothers’ occupation and fathers’ education level across the groups were statistically significant, P-value <0.05. The main source of cooking fuel for households with children in the HGSFP was firewood (50.0%) and for children not in the HGSFP preferred firewood (47.9%). All (100%) of the children had consumed staple foods, followed closely by consumption of legumes, nuts and seeds by children in (98.6%) the HGSFP and those not in (75.7%) the programme. Vitamin a rich fruits and vegetables (13.9%, 11.8%), organ meat (1.4%, 4.9%) and eggs (2.8%, 2.1%) were poorly consumed by children in the HGSFP and those not in the programme respectively, these differences in food consumption pattern were statistically significant, p-value <0.05, thus children in HGSFP had better dietary diversity compared to those not in the programme.
Conclusion and recommendation: Given the positive outcome that children in the HGSFP had a better diversified diet, the study recommends scaling up the programme in all schools especially in the food insecure areas. In addition, there is need for a longitudinal study which includes all the seasons of the year so as verify the results of this study as well as determine the sustainability of the program for a better policy formulation
Downloads
References
African Women’s Studies Centre& Kenya National Bureau of Statistics-AWSC, (2014). National Food Security Status Report.
Aliyar, R., Gelli, A. and Hamdani, S.H. (2015). A review of nutritional guidelines and menu compositions for school feeding programs in 12 countries, Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 3 No. 148
Bordi, P.L., Park, J.E., Watkins, S., Caldwell, D. & DeVitis, C.A. (2002). Impact of the environment on food choices and eating habit of school age children. Journal of Child Nutrition and Management Issues. 26 (2).
Bundy, D., Burbano, C., Grosh, M., Gelli, A., Jukes, M. and Drake, L. ( 2009). Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development and the Education Sector. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
Del Rosso, J. M. (1999). School Feeding Programme: Improving effectiveness and Education and social sciences. New Delhi: Halifax Printers and Education.
Doocy, S. & Burhham, G. (2006). Assessment of Social Economic Status in the Context of Food Insecurity: Implications for Field Research, World Health and Population. 8-3, 32-42
Elhisadi, T.A (2013). Food and nutrients intake among Libyan school children. Science Journal of Medical and Clinical Trial, DOI; 10.7237
FAO, (2010). Expert Consultation on Nutrition Indicators for Biodiversity 2. Food consumption. FAO Rome.
FAO/WHO/UNU, (2004). Human energy requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation. Rome (Italy): FAO; 2004. [Google Scholar]
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.
Finan,T. (2010). Impact Evaluation of WFP School Feeding Programmes in Kenya (1999-2008): A Mixed-Methods Approach. Rome: World Food Programme, 2010.
Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) Project. (2006). Working Group on Infant and Young child feeding Indicators. Developing and validating simple indicators of dietary quality and energy intake of infants and young children in developing countries: summary of findings from analysis of 10 data sets. Washington: Academy for Educational Development.
Galal, O. (2000). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Articulating the Impact of Nutritional Deficits on the Education for All Agenda. 2nd ed. Vol. 26. Tokyo: International Nutrition Foundation for the United Nations University.
Galloway, R., Kristjansson, E., Gelli, A., Meir, U., Espejo, F., and Bundy, D.A.P. (2009). School feeding: Outcome and costs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 30(2); 171−182.
Garasky, S.& Stewart, S. (2007). Evidence of the effectiveness of child support and visitation: Examining food insecurity among children with nonresidential fathers. Journal of Family Economic, Issue( 28), Pp. 105-121.
Gharib, N.and Rasheed, P. (2011). Energy and macronutrient intake and dietary pattern among school children in Bahrain: a cross-sectional study. Nutrition Journal, 10; 1–12.
GoK (2007). Basic Report on Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005/ 2006; Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and National Development. Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.
Intiful, F.D., Ogyiri, L, Asante, M., Mensah, A.A.,Steele-Dadzie, R.K., Boateng, L.( 2013). Nutritional status of boarding and non-boarding children in selected schools in the Accra metropolis. Journal of Bioliological Agriculture and Health 3; 156–162.
Kassaye, T., Receveur, O,., Johns, T., Becklake, M.R. (2001). Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6–9 years in Wukro, northern Ethiopia. Bulletin World Health Organization, 79; 415–422.
Kenney, C. (2008). Father doesn’t know best: Parents’ control of money and children’s food insecurity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(3), 654-669.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) and ICF Macro. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey-KDHS. 2014. Available online: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr308/fr308.pdf
Kiriti, T. and Tisdell, C. (2003). Commercialisation of Agriculture in Kenya: Case Study of Policy Bias and Food Purchases by Farm Households. Working papers on Social Economics, Policy and Development 32, School of Economics, The University of Queensland.
Langinger, N. (2011).School Feeding Programs in Kenya: Transitioning to a Homegrown Approach. Stanford Journal Internal Relations, Vol. 13, pp. 30–37.
Makueni County Integrated development plan, (2013). First County Integrated Development Plan 2013-2017. Makueni County.
Ministry of Health, (2011). The Kenya National Micronutrient Survey. 2011. Available online: http://www.nutritionhealth.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/Downloads/The%20Kenya%20National%20Micronutrient%20Survey%202011.pdf
Mitchikpe, C.E., Dossa, R.A., Ategbo. E.A., Van Raaij, J.M., Kok, F.J. (2009). Seasonal variation in food pattern but not in energy and nutrient intakes of rural Beninese school-aged children. Public Health Nutrition,12; 414–422.
Ndungu, Z.W. and Chege, P.M. (2019). Dietary Diversity and Micronutrients Adequacy of Diets Consumed by School Aged Children in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Nutrition Food Technology, Open Access 5(1): dx.doi.org/10.16966/2470-6086.156
NEPAD, (2003). The NEPAD Home-Grown School Feeding Programme: A Concept Note. Johannesburg, NEPAD.
Nepomnyaschy, L., Miller, D., Garasky, S., & Nanda, N. (2014). Nonresident fathers and child food insecurity: Evidence from longitudinal data. Social Service Review, 88(1), 92-133.
Nzuma, J. and Ochola, S. ( 2010). Kenya Urban Comprehensive Food Security & Vulnerability Analysis (KU-CFSVA) and Nutrition Assessment. World Food Programme, VAM Food Security Analysis. Available online, http://www.wfp.org/food-security.
Ochola, S. and Masibo, K. P. (2014). Dietary Intake of Schoolchildren and Adolescents in Developing Countries. Annual Nutrition Metabolism, 64(suppl 2); 24–40
Partnership for Child Development, (2012). Sustainable School Feeding Programmes: A Guidance Note to Develop a National Sustainability Strategy. WFP, The World Bank and PCD, London. Available from: http://hgsf-global.org/en/bank/ downloads/doc_details/260-strategy-for-developing-sustainable-schoolfeeding-programmes
Shroff, M.R., Perng, W., Baylin, A., Mora-Plazas, M., Marin, C. and Villamor, E (2013). Adherence to a snacking dietary pattern and soda intake are related to the development of adiposity: a prospective study in school-age children. Public Health Nutrition, 24; 1–7.
Technical development plan, (2012). Home grown school meals programme. Republic of Kenya.
United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service, (2009). Assessment of Local Production for School Feeding in Kenya. USDA Office of Capacity Building and Development.
Venter, I.M.and Winterbach, A (2010). Dietary fat knowledge and intake of mid-adolescents attending public schools in the Bellville/Durbanville area of the city of Cape Town. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 23; 75–83.
Walingo, M.K. and Musamali, B. ( 2008). Nutrient intake and nutritional status indicators of participant and nonparticipant pupils of a parent-supported school lunch program in Kenya. Journal of nutrition education and behavior. 40(5):298-304.
WFP, (2007). Food for Education Works: A review of WFP FFE programme monitoring and evaluation 2002-2006. School Feeding Unit, WFP Rome.
WFP, (2010). Impact Evaluation of WFP School Feeding Programmes in Kenya: a mixed method approach. WFP office of evaluation. http://www.wfp.org/about/evaluation
Zambou, N.F., Mbiapo, T.F., La ndo ,G., Tchana, K.A. & Gouado, I. (1999). Effect of Onchocerca volvulus infestation on plasma vitamin A concentration in school children in a rural region of Cameroon. Sante 9(3): 151– 55.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
